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Girl, 12, went to police station to report sexual assault - but officers sent her away with OTHER abusers who went on to rape her 15 times

  • The incident happened in October 2007 when the victim, now 27, was subjected to more than 20 assaults by eight men in one night, including 15 rapes 
  • Just one attacker,  Shakil Chowdhury, now 54, was caught and jailed for six years
  • Greater Manchester Police failed to produce 'forensic strategy', returned evidence to Chowdhury and destroyed 24 items of evidence, investigation found
  • Victim was also subjected to grooming by teacher Paul Waites, now 48, despite telling social workers who claimed she was 'very attention seeking'
  • Victim case to be examined in probe into child sexual exploitation in Oldham

 

 

A woman has detailed her experience after she put her trust into the hands of police after a sex attack, but was handed to predators who inflicted more abuse at the age of just 12. 

The young girl was sent away by a desk clerk who told her to accept a lift home with two men who were at the police station over motoring issues. 

It was just the beginning for the young girl, who suffered more than 20 assaults by eight men in one night, including 15 rapes.

 

Now 27, the woman continues to fight for answers, writes the Sunday Mirror

Just one attacker was caught but 15 years on, and the victim has not received justice, after the Independent Office for Police Conduct found a string of failings, yet failed to launch disciplinary action against any officers. 

The case is now part of an independent probe into child sexual exploitation - but only after the victim insisted that it be included. 

Talking to the Sunday Mirror, the victim said:  'It's derailed my life. It's always there, even when I try to move on.

'No child should have to go through what I did. I'm speaking out to protect others. The trauma never goes away. I've still got PTSD. I don't want this to happen to anyone else.' 

The incident happened on October 27, 2006, when she attended Oldham Police Station in Manchester to report being molested. 

A man had sexually assaulted her while she drank cider in a churchyard. 

But, she said the clerk dismissed her as a timewaster, and urged her to leave with two men who offered her a lift.   

'The clerk said, 'They've offered you a lift, go with them'. The men were being asked to produce licences for driving offences.

'I don't know how they haven't been identified. There must have been logs.'

She says the men then took her to a car and sexually assaulted her.

She was then driven to the home of a man in his 40s who she says also sexually assaulted her before giving her money to get a bus home. 

She was picked up on the next street by Shakil Chowdhury, now 54, who was posing as a taxi driver and promised to help her. 

But he and another man in the passenger seat drove to Chowdhury's house, where three more men appeared. 

She says she was raped 15 times by the five men, before being bundled into a car and abandoned the next month. 

The girl's parents were at home when she returned, having called police the previous evening. 

But, officers took four hours to respond.

She was then examined, and her injuries were deemed consistent with being raped, and underwent days of video interviews with police. 

She also told police about the attack in the churchyard, but it was not treated as a crime. A senior detective later said this was 'entirely proportionate.'

Shakil Chowdhury (pictured) was jailed for six years after admitting to six rapes

Shakil Chowdhury (pictured) was jailed for six years after admitting to six rapes 

A report into the decision to return evidence to the perpetrator also revealed that 24 items of evidence had been destroyed in 2008.  

'The decision to release certain items of property seems to exclude the possibility that the items may be of forensic relevance to the other unidentified suspects,' the report read. 

'The bedding and towel had not been submitted for forensic examination, however, they were returned. 

'Clearly, items had been disposed of, and had they been retained from the original inquiry, then it may or may not have led to us identifying people or eliminating them.'

When Operation Solent failed to lead to fresh charges, the victim asked GMP to review the original case. 

She says she was 'failed by the system' - and not for the first time. 

Prior to the incident in October 2007, she was groomed and abused by a teacher who befriended her online. 

Paul Waites, now 48, lured her to a Sainsbury's car park after the pair spoke online, and then raped and assaulted her over the course of the summer of 2006.

Paul Waites (pictured) was jailed for a further 11 years after the victim reported him to police, to find he had been jailed in 2009 for assaults on other children. Last year, he received a life sentence for raping another victim in Leeds in 2005.

Paul Waites (pictured) was jailed for a further 11 years after the victim reported him to police, to find he had been jailed in 2009 for assaults on other children. Last year, he received a life sentence for raping another victim in Leeds in 2005.

 

It was only in 2013 that she felt able to report Waites to police, only to find he had been jailed in 2009 for assaults on other children. 

He admitted raping and abusing the victim in 2015, and was jailed for a further 11 years.  Last year, he received a life sentence for raping another victim in Leeds in 2005. 

The woman now searching for answers has since made an official request to access her files, including a report written by a sexual health worker when she was 12, after she claimed a social work she she was 'trying to shock her' when she disclosed the online grooming and abuse to her. 

It read: 'She is now on her third sexual partner. She has made an informed choice to remain SA [sexually active]. She has a mature attitude and looks older than her age.'

Despite her age, notes added there was 'no indication of abuse', and an outreach worker added: 'I feel [victim] is very attention seeking and tries to get a response from me.'

 

In 2018, Greater Manchester Police upheld two of the girl's complaints, ruling that her case should not have been closed after Chowdhury's conviction, and that officers should not have taken four hours to respond when she was reported missing in October 2007. 

When Greater Manchester Police failed to sanction any officers, she contacted police watchdog, the Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC), which ruled a further four complaints should have been upheld including a complaint referring to how the victim was treated at Oldham Police station in October 2007. 

But the IOPC ruled it could take no further action as the clerk could not be identified. 

The IOPC also said that aspects of evidence retrieval were flawed and that potentially relevant evidence was destroyed, and that greater care should have been taken with notebooks, which have subsequently been lost.     

One officer was advised to receive further training.  

The victim could now have grounds to sue the police under the Data Protection Act.  

Her case will now be examined in the independent probe into child sexual exploitation in Oldham, which will examine claims that agencies were aware of ongoing abuse but 'failed to respond appropriately to safeguard children and subsequently covered up these failings'.

Between 2006 and 2020, Oldham social services had referrals warning 700 children faced a potential risk of sex abuse. 

The victim said: 'No one tried to stop me from meeting him. I thought he was my boyfriend. It made me feel like it was normal.

Gerard Jones, managing director for children and young people at Oldham council, said: 'There were times when vulnerable people did not receive help they should expect and deserve.

'Things have improved significantly in recent years. We were, and are, determined not to shy away from issues, but to gain fresh, honest and independent insight, and learn lessons.' 

Greater Manchester Police said £2.3m has been invested in a new child sexual exploitation investigations unit. 

'Victims of child sexual abuse and exploitation will be listened to, taken seriously, treated with empathy and supported,' a spokesperson said. 

'Whilst we cannot comment on the specifics of this case and what was clearly a terrible ordeal for the victim, extensive investigations and reviews were carried out. No case for misconduct was found and all further lines of inquiry investigated. No further suspects were identified.'

An IOPC spokesman added: 'While we agreed with the force that no officer had a case to answer for misconduct or gross misconduct, we were not satisfied that appropriate findings were made in relation to some of the allegations. 

'In upholding some of the appeal, we considered a detective constable should receive management action over record keeping and evidence preservation to learn and reflect on their actions.'

'I wanted to find out why this had happened. I knew I'd been failed, but I was totally shocked by just how badly I'd been let down.' 

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9959579/Girl-12-went-police-report-sexual-assault-officers-sent-away-abusers.html

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Today on BBC  https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000zgwk

p09v5t50.jpg

Who’s Protecting Our Kids?

 

Mariella Frostrup meets teenage girls who say they have been abused, assaulted or raped by teenage boys, and asks whether we should be doing more to protect our children. With exclusive new data from police forces, she reveals how reports of abuse have risen sharply in the past four years, despite government promises to tackle the problem. She asks if social media and pornography could be to blame, and if schools could be handling the problem better.

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Two neo-Nazis, 16, who wanted to 'bomb London because it isn't English' and ran extremist right-wing group on Telegram after going down a 'twisted rabbit hole' in lockdown are spared jail

  • Boy A, 16, admitted founding extremist right-wing group called The British Hand
  • In one post he told members he was planning an attack 'against the Dover coast'
  • Group included second 16-year-old who admitted sharing extremist propaganda
  • Court heard they had gone down 'twisted rabbit hole' during Covid-19 lockdown 
  • Both teens were spared custody after admitting terrorist offences at court today with magistrate saying he changed his mind at 11pm the night before hearing

 

 

 

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9973749/Two-neo-Nazis-16-wanted-bomb-London-isnt-English-spared-jail.html

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https://thefreethoughtproject.com/tag/pedophile-cop/ 

A list of pedo cop cases in the us over the last few years. Including the lead fbi agent in charge or protecting children. 

Here's an excerpt from his article. 

As TFTP has reported before, pedophiles often seek out positions of power and authority over children so they are in a position to abuse. Priests, teachers, coaches, police officers, counselors, and others are just some of the fields in which pedophiles will attempt to gain employment. Unfortunately, it’s not the first time we have reported on police officers using their badge and so-called “authority” to molest children.

As TFTP has reported, a study exposed the startling fact that police officers are arrested about 1,100 times a year, or roughly three officers charged every day. Many of these arrests are over unspeakable sex crimes against children.

https://thefreethoughtproject.com/fbi-supervisor-crimes-against-children/

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Medical student censored for wearing ‘inappropriate dress’ to exam - even though it was below her knees

 
 

A medical student has been left stunned after being told that her dress, which was comfortably knee-length, was “inappropriate”.

%7B© Getty Images iStock-1302519964.jpg

In a viral tweet posted by @MedicGrandpa, they explained that their friend had completed a clinical medical exam with them, and been “yellow carded” by the examiner for wearing what they called a “short skirt”.

They wrote: “A friend did their OSCE’s with me recently & got yellow carded for wearing a ‘short skirt’… could someone explain to me how it’s 2021 & medical schools are still pushing sexist notions of primness upon its female student cohort, for daring to display their ankles.”

Posting a picture of the dress in question, it was clearly knee length, leaving many to describe the comments as “sexist”.

#medtwitter A friend did their OSCE’s with me recently & got yellow carded for wearing a “short skirt”… could someone explain to me how it’s 2021 & medical schools are still pushing sexist notions of primness upon its female student cohort, for daring to display their ankles. pic.twitter.com/WFjMdxou4m

— Ciarán (@MedicGrandpa) June 25, 2021
 
 
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In an update, the person who calls themselves The Graduate Medic on Twitter and who the incident had involved, explained that she had complained to Newcastle University about its decision, only to have it further reinforced.

She explained: “Update: I complained to the university, their response was ‘it was the most inappropriate dress they had ever seen’ and then stated that the examiners word is final and the investigation is closed. isn’t discrimination lovely.”

Update: I complained to the university, their response was ‘it was the most inappropriate dress they had ever seen’ and then stated that the examiners word is final and the investigation is closed ? isn’t discrimination lovely. https://t.co/zmP58H8c7V

— The Graduate Medic (@thegradmedic) September 8, 2021

Sign up to our free Indy100 weekly newsletter The Viral Democracy

The Graduate Medic also gave details of the university’s ruling, explaining they had told her that she wasn’t wearing leg coverings (tights) and therefore they would not want her to treat their friends or family.

I would also add that the complaint details that I wasn’t wearing leg coverings, and subsequently that they wouldn’t want me to treat their friends or a family member because of it.

— The Graduate Medic (@thegradmedic) September 8, 2021

Someone on Twitter replied: “We have to keep calling out misogyny and outdated, sexist behaviour when we see it.

“@UniofNewcastle med school is wholly inappropriate in their words and deeds - not a dress below the knee.”

We have to keep calling out misogyny and outdated, sexist behaviour when we see it. @UniofNewcastle med school is wholly inappropriate in their words and deeds - not a dress below the knee. Why are we having to point this out in 2021? @everydaysexism #everydaysexism https://t.co/ScgVubwQTe

— Anna Murray (@AnnieMurray) September 9, 2021

In response to the incident, Newcastle University insisted the comment was made by a role-play patient as part of an exam.

We want to apologise once again to @thegradmedic for any offence or distress caused by this incident.

The comment was made by a role-play patient as part of an exam.

All comments made by patients in exams are passed on to students as feedback. (1/3) https://t.co/wEiajbkmNx

— Newcastle University (@UniofNewcastle) September 9, 2021

The university said: “We want to apologise once again to @thegradmedic for any offence or distress caused by this incident.

“The comment was made by a role-play patient as part of an exam. All comments made by patients in exams are passed on to students as feedback.

“However, we agree it should not have resulted in a yellow card from the examiner. This is why, when the concerns were raised with us by @thegradmedic earlier this year, they were investigated and the yellow card was rescinded.

“We would not want any student to come away from these exams feeling remarks like this in any way reflect the values of the University and the issues will be addressed in future examination briefings.”

indy100 has contacted Newcastle University for comment.

From news to politics, travel to sport, culture to climate – The Independent has a host of free newsletters to suit your interests. To find the stories you want to read, and more, in your inbox, click here.

https://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/other/medical-student-censored-for-wearing-inappropriate-dress-to-exam-even-though-it-was-below-her-knees/ar-AAOima6?ocid=msedgntp

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https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/09/08/bhima-jewellery-trans-woman-wedding-advert/

Beautiful advert following trans woman’s journey is moving people to tears

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trans advert Bhima

Trans actor Meera Singhania Rehani stars in the Bhima Jewellery advert, "Pure as Love" (YouTube/Bhima)

A beautiful advert for traditional wedding jewellery is making waves in India as it stars a transgender model.

The ad from 96-year-old jewellery house Bhima follows the traditional narrative of a loving family gifting their daughter jewellery in the lead up to her wedding – except in this story, the woman is trans.

 

With 22-year-old trans actor Meera Singhania Rehani in the lead, the short video sees an awkward teenager with facial hair slowly transform into a beautiful, confident bride with the full support of her family. The final scene shows the advert’s title: “Pure as Love”.

Meera, a student of sociology at Delhi University and part-time model who came out to her family two years ago, said she was “very sceptical” when she first heard about the ad.

“I didn’t want someone to appropriate my trans identity for commercial use. I was also nervous since the film involved transition and as a pre-transition person I’m shown as a man with a beard.

“But when I read the story and researched about the director, I said yes. And I’m glad I did. Doing this has also helped me become more comfortable with myself,” she told the BBC.

 

Bhima said it created the advert to break all the stereotypes of a typical jewellery ad campaign, though it too was sceptical at first.

“All our previous ads had happy heterosexual brides. So we were worried about how people would perceive it and react to it,” said online marketing head Navya Rao, the brain behind the ad.

She told the BBC that her proposal for the campaign was met with “fears and apprehensions” from her colleagues.

“Most of our stores are in rural parts of the state. We were not sure how much exposure people there would have had to these issues,” she explained.

 

They needn’t have worried: “Pure as Love” has been viewed more than 900,000 times on YouTube and 1.4 million times on Instagram since its release in April, and has received rave reviews.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

For Sayantan Choudhaury, creative head of ANIMAL, the agency that conceptualised Bhima’s campaign, it was exactly the reaction they’d been hoping for.

“It just happens to be about a trans person and their family. The ordinary expectations of this film are what make it stand apart,” he said, as reported by NewsMinute.

“We always wanted to tell a positive story, because we believe for normalising something, you have to first show that it’s normal – lead by example. So we showed a story where this child was accepted and supported by her family every step of the way.

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Middle class cocaine abuse spirals 'out of control': Dinner hosts compete to offer the purest drugs as addiction referrals soar by 300% in pandemic

  • Cocaine use is now 'spiralling out of control' among Britain's middle classes
  • Addiction referrals have soared by 300 per cent amid the Covid-19 pandemic
  • Expert warned social media has made it easier for dealers to deliver to homes
  • The strength and purity of cocaine increased from 20% a decade ago to 80%

 

Cocaine use is 'spiralling out of control' among Britain's middle classes, with addiction referrals soaring by 300 per cent during the pandemic (stock image)

 

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9980899/Middle-class-cocaine-abuse-spirals-control-addiction-referrals-soar-300-pandemic.html

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This is considered art....?!

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-58552412

Mooning Mona Lisa bronze statue on display in Bristol

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Moona Lisa statueIMAGE SOURCE,PA MEDIA
image captionThe statue is on display until the end of October

A bronze version of a piece of street art based on the Mona Lisa has gone on public display.

The sculpture sees Nick Walker's painting of the Moona Lisa reimagined as a life-size figure.

Walker created the original painting after being challenged by fellow artist Banksy, who said nothing more could be done with the Mona Lisa.

The artwork is part of an exhibition at the M-Shed in Bristol about street art.

The statue was created by building a rig which held 160 DSLR cameras to capture a 360-degree image of a live model dressed as the Moona Lisa.

This image was then used to create a digital model to make a mould to create the final piece.

Emerging from the infamous early 1980s Bristol scene, Walker has become one of the biggest names in street art.

His story is captured in Vanguard's extensive exhibition which delves into Bristol's pioneering underground scene.

The Moona Lisa is on show until 31 October.

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    • WJKK WJKF Sangat Ji, I bought a brand new medium Artisan Kirpan (8.7 inches) from https://thekhalsaraj.com/products/black-g10-ultra-durable-kirpans 2 months ago, and it is in unused condition. I bought it 2 months ago and it is in unused condition, with everything that came with it still fully sealed. I even paid extra to get it ੴ ਸਤਿ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ  laser engraved on the blade. This cost me £370 including shipping from the USA. It is in brand new condition, but I no longer need it since I have been gifted a new Buddha Dal-made Pesh Kabz for free. I am selling it for £250 even though it is in brand new condition - it is a first-hand Kirpan. From the official website, it costs £370. The handle is indestructable G10 fiberglass, wielded to a razor sharp blade (edge and tip) which is engraved with the custom Gurbani. Please reply if any Singh/Kaur here would like to buy it - it's 100% first hand but £120 reduced price. Includes a an embroidered padded case for airport travel, a blank certificate of ownership, maintenance brochure and a beautifully decorated black/grey adjustable Gatra.   I sent this advert out to a few places, and also asked some retailers if they'd like it, so it may go soon. Please do reply if anybody is interested, more than happy to answer questions too! (Note: the pic is from Google but is exactly what the Kirpan and Gatra both look like - the one I have is still in the packaging).    
    • WJKK WJKF Sangat Ji, I bought a brand new Artisan Kirpan (pic below) from https://thekhalsaraj.com/products/black-g10-ultra-durable-kirpans. It is the medium option (8.7 inches). I bought it 2 months ago and it is in unused condition, with everything that came with it still fully sealed. I even paid extra to get it ੴ ਸਤਿ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ  laser engraved on the blade. This cost me £370 including shipping from the USA. It is in brand new condition, but I no longer need it since I have been gifted a new Buddha Dal-made Pesh Kabz for free. I am selling it for £250 even though it is in brand new condition - it is a first-hand Kirpan. From the official website, it costs £370. The handle is indestructable G10 fiberglass, wielded to a razor sharp blade (edge and tip) which is engraved with the custom Gurbani. Please reply if any Singh/Kaur here would like to buy it - it's 100% first hand but £120 less than normal. Comes with a padded foam case for airport travel, a blank certificate of ownership, maintenance brochure and a beautifully decorated black/grey adjustable Gatra.   I sent this advert out to a few places, and also asked some retailers if they'd like it, so it may go soon. Please do reply if anybody is interested, more than happy to answer questions too! (below's a pic of the exact model, but not the Kirpan I have, as it's still in its box. I've only unsheathed it once to inspect it, and I can confirm it's in perfect condition).        
    • WJKK WJKF! How long will this forum remain online for in a readable & accessible state? It appears susceptible to shut-down. It would be a shame if all the forum's content from over the decades is lost in such an event due to servers hosting this forum shutting-down. This forum, whilst not currently active, remains an important repository of the Sikh religion online. It also is a fundamental aspect of Sikh cyber culture that existed from the early Internet period from the 2000's to 2010's before the domination by big social-media sites that consolidated the community. Thus, have the web-masters of this forum considered archiving this forum's contents before it is lost forever? I can assist you in this by saving the content to the Internet Archive on your behalf. Please let me know your thoughts about such an endeavour and I hope you may consider the possibility of archiving the forum for posterity. Future generations of Sikhs and Sikh researchers will be grateful. Kind regards, Theth Panjabi (you can find me on IG at theth.panjabi and on X/Twitter at ThethPanjabi)
    • Video on the tale, gurdwara, and manuscript: link As the story goes, during the Vadda Ghallughara genocide against the Sikhs perpetrated by the Afghan Durrani Empire on 5–6 February 1762, not only were Sikh lives lost, but our original Damdami Sahib Bir recension was also lost in that carnage. However, over the years I have spent researching our history, many claimed it was taken back to Afghanistan by Ahmad Shah Abdali's troops as loot whilst others said it was secretly hidden somewhere by the Singhs for safe-keeping. As of today, it remains untraceable and I presume it is gone for good. However, I came across a couple of articles stating that there were actually around five master-copies of the original Damdami Bir, with one of these copies being safeguarded by the jatha of Bhai Sudha Singh of the Shaheedan Misl. "It is said that the tenth Sikh master Guru Gobind Singh had got five birs written at Damdama Sahib. The bani (writings) of the ninth Sikh master Guru Tegh Bahadur were incorporated in these birs. These five birs were given to different jathas (groups) of Sikhs by Guru Gobind Singh to be safely installed. One bir was being taken by Sudha Singh who was leading a jatha of 19 Sikhs, when Abdali'[s] forces stormed Kup-Rohira and killed thousands of Sikhs. Though all 19 Sikhs were massacred by Abdali, Sudha Singh somehow brought the bir to Kuthala. Since then it has been kept at village gurdwara." (Times of India, 2012) The gurdwara today [Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Sudha Singh Ji in Kuthala] has a certain historical manuscript that they claim is one of the five master-copies of the Damdama recension. You can see close-up shots of the bir in the video posted. I will also share close-up images of its folios in the comment section. I will also provide a faithful English translation of the video's narration so non-Punjabi speakers may benefit from this post. I will leave the question on whether this bir is authentic or not to your judgement but I will provide my own analysis below.   English translation of the video's narration: The Guru-form Guru Khalsa Holy Congregation (Sadh Sangat) Ji, Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh. The Gurdwara Sahib that the congregation is currently beholding is situated in Village Kuthala, near Malerkotla, in the Sangrur district of Punjab. A very great treasure is preserved within this Gurdwara Sahib. The history of this Gurdwara Sahib is very closely related to the Vada Ghalughara (The Great Holocaust) that took place in February 1762. Baba Sudha Singh Ji, the third head of the Shaheedi Misl, arrived at this location considering it a safe place. He brought with him that sacred holy scripture (Saroop) which the Tenth Father, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, had personally dictated to Bhai Mani Singh Ji on the holy land of Damdama Sahib. Upon arriving, he personally performed the last rites (cremation) of 19 martyred Sikhs at this site. As he prepared to leave to take command of the Jatha (the Sikh contingent), the sacred holy scripture he had brought was enshrined at this very location. At that time, this place was known as Dera Jaga Sidh, but nowadays, a very beautiful building stands here in the name of Gurdwara Sahib Shaheedi. The sacred holy scriptures that were enshrined at that time are today ceremoniously displayed (Prakashwan) with great respect every Channi Dashmi (the tenth day of the bright lunar fortnight) for the congregation to behold. Devotees from within the country and abroad arrive to catch a glimpse of these sacred scriptures and receive the Guru's blessings. Every year, an annual Gurmat Samagam (religious congregation) is held for five consecutive days in memory of the martyrs of the Great Holocaust, concluding on Magh Sudi Dashmi. Furthermore, a book containing the full detailed history—titled after Shaheed Baba Sudha Singh Ji and the Hand-written Holy Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji—was released in February 2013 by the managing volunteers based on historical research. It was released by the 14th head of the Shaheedi Misl, Singh Sahib Baba Makhan Singh Ji (the current head of Baba Bakala Sahib), the Meet Jathedar Singh Ji, and Sant Gurdev Singh Ji of Anandpur Sahib (the current head). The congregation can obtain spiritual benefit by reading it. Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh.   My analysis: In my humble opinion (which may be incorrect), this bir is not a master-copy of the Damdami Bir. It more closely resembles the highly-decorated birs of the Kashmiri-style that were created during the reign of the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century. We can see this bir has highly illuminated and illustrated angs (folios), which took the great skill of a master artisan to make, which required resources to pay and patronize. Usually, the manuscripts during the Sikh Empire were the most elaborately decorated, as this was when the Sikhs were at a high-point, masters of the land, possessing vast amounts of resources that they could use to fund such endeavors. Therefore, whilst the story may be true and a master-copy of the Damdami Bir recension may have once been at this location, I am not convinced that this particular manuscript is it. I may be mistaken and I am open to constructive criticism. 1633648456_GurdwaraHistory.mp4
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